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| Length = 68:07 | Label = | Producer = | Last album = ''The Last Tour on Earth'' (1999) | This album = ''Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death)'' (2000) | Next album = ''The Golden Age of Grotesque'' (2003) | Misc = }} ''Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death)'' is the fourth studio album by American rock band Marilyn Manson, released in November 2000 by Nothing and Interscope Records. The album marked a return to the industrial and alternative metal styles of the band's earlier efforts, after the modernized glam rock of ''Mechanical Animals''. As their first release following the Columbine High School massacre of April 20, 1999, ''Holy Wood'' was Marilyn Manson's rebuttal to accusations leveled against them in the wake of the shootings. The band's frontman, Marilyn Manson, described the record as "a declaration of war".〔 A rock opera concept album, it is the final installment in a trilogy which includes ''Antichrist Superstar'' and ''Mechanical Animals''. After its release, Manson said that the overarching story within the trilogy is presented in reverse chronological order; ''Holy Wood'', therefore, begins the narrative.〔 It was written in the singer's former home in the Hollywood Hills and recorded in several undisclosed locations, including Death Valley and Laurel Canyon. At its release, ''Holy Wood'' received mixed-to-positive reviews; many critics noted that while ambitious, it fell short in execution. The album was not at first as commercially successful as the group's two previous releases, and took three years to receive a gold certification from the RIAA. Nevertheless, with worldwide sales of over nine million copies as of 2011, it has become one of the most successful of their career. It spawned three singles and an abandoned film project which was modified into the as-yet-unreleased ''Holy Wood'' novel. Marilyn Manson supported the album with the controversial Guns, God and Government Tour. On November 10, 2010, British rock magazine ''Kerrang!'' published a 10th-anniversary commemorative piece in which they called the album "Manson's finest hour ... A decade on, there has still not been as eloquent and savage a musical attack on the media and mainstream culture ... (is ) still scathingly relevant () a credit to a man who refused to sit and take it, but instead come out swinging."〔 ==Background and development== In the late 1990s Marilyn Manson and his eponymous band established themselves as a household name as one of the most controversial rock acts in music history through the commercial success of their albums, ''Antichrist Superstar'' (1996) and ''Mechanical Animals'' (1998). By the time of their Rock Is Dead Tour in 1999, the band's outspoken frontman had become a culture war iconoclast and a rallying icon for alienated youth. As their popularity increased the transgressive, confrontational nature of the group's music and imagery angered social conservatives. Politicians across the political spectrum lobbied to have their performances banned, citing rumors that the shows contained animal sacrifices, bestiality and rape.〔 Their concerts were routinely picketed by religious advocates and parent groups, who asserted that their music had a corrupting influence on youth culture by inciting "rape, murder, blasphemy and suicide".〔 On April 20, 1999, Columbine High School students Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold shot 12 students and a teacher to death, wounding 21 others before committing suicide.〔 In the aftermath of the fourth-deadliest school shooting in United States history, the band became a scapegoat.〔 Early media reports alleged that the shooters were fans of the band and wore the group's t-shirts during the massacre.〔 Speculation in national media and among the public blamed Manson's music and imagery for inciting Harris and Klebold.〔 Later reports revealed that the two considered the band "a joke". Despite this, the group (and other bands and popular entertainment, such as movies and video games) were widely criticized by religious, political and entertainment-industry figures.〔 Under mounting pressure in the days after Columbine, the group postponed their last five North American tour dates out of respect for the victims and their families. On April 29 ten US senators (led by Sam Brownback of Kansas) sent a letter to Edgar Bronfman Jr., president of Seagrams (which owned Interscope Records), requesting a voluntary halt to his company's distribution to children of "music that glorifies violence".〔 The letter named Marilyn Manson (and other bands) for producing songs which "eerily reflect" the actions of Harris and Klebold.〔 Later that day, the band canceled their remaining North American shows. On May 1 Manson published a ''Rolling Stone'' op-ed response to the accusations, "Columbine: Whose Fault Is It?" In it, he wrote: On May 4, a hearing on the marketing and distribution of violent content to minors by the television, music, film and video-game industries was held by the United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. The committee heard testimony from "cultural observers" (such as William Bennett and the Archbishop of Denver, Charles J. Chaput), professors and mental-health professionals.〔 Speakers criticized the band, its label-mate Nine Inch Nails and the 1999 film ''The Matrix'' for their alleged contribution to a cultural environment enabling violence such as the Columbine shootings.〔 The committee requested that the Federal Trade Commission and the United States Department of Justice investigate the entertainment industry's marketing practices to minors.〔 Concluding the European and Japanese legs of their tour on August 8, 1999, the band withdrew from public view.〔〔 The album's early development coincided with Manson's three-month seclusion at his home in the Hollywood Hills,〔 during which he considered how to respond to the accusations.〔 Manson said the maelstrom made him reevaluate his career: "()here was a bit of trepidation, () deciding, 'Is it worth it? Are people understanding what I'm trying to say? Am I even gonna be allowed to ''say'' it?' Because I definitely had every single door shut in my face ... there were not a lot of people who stood behind me."〔〔 He told ''Alternative Press'' he felt his safety was threatened to the point that he "could be shot Mark David Chapman-style". Manson concluded that it was unwise for a controversial artist to allow his detractors to scapegoat his work (and popular entertainment in general), beginning work on the album as a counterattack.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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